Decentralization Transfers The Authority And...

Decentralization transfers the authority and responsibility for public functions of central government to subordinate government organizations. Power is decentralized in the U.S. political system as it aims to give citizens more power in decision- making processes. It is also spread throughout the system rather than being concentrated to one government. The power of the government enhances the power of individuals and also make it easier for individuals to participate in the government. It also supports democratization by giving citizens more influence in the formulation and implementation of policies as it enhances transparency and accountability from the government. If there was a centralized federal government and were to make a big mistake by implementing a destructive policy, everybody would suffer greatly. Since the large centralized governments are a concentrated source of political power, there can be serious problems when individuals become corrupted or fail to do their jobs . As for the centralized city governments, if they were to become corrupted or fail to respond to local residents, it would be much easier, than national governments, to hold accountable due to their small size. Since the United States do have a decentralized government all governments have their limits to their power and is dispersed through their system. Powers from the governments are decentralized in the U.S. political system, in order to, compose the distribution of power amongst governmentsShow MoreRelatedDevolution of Local Government in the Philippines5838 Words   |  24 PagesDECENTRALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION In the later part of the 20th Century there has been a dramatic shift in the manner governments around the world managed their states. Instead of having a centralized form of government, most nation nation-state now somehow adopts the idea of shifting some of the national or central powers to the local government units. This shifting of powers is called Decentralization. Decentralization is the transfer of planning, decision making, or administrative authorityRead MoreTraining Needs of Barangay Officials1541 Words   |  7 PagesOfficials In Public Fiscal Administration A Special Research Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School Open University Polytechnic University of the Philippines In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master in Public Administration By Anthony C. Mercado 14 February 2010 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The Republic Act 7160 or commonly known as the Local Government Code of 1991 had enacted the transfer of power andRead MorePoor Revenue Collection by Local Authorities: Case Study of Kakamega Municipal Council8140 Words   |  33 PagesCOLLECTION IN LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN WESTERN PROVINCE A CASE STUDY OF KAKAMEGA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL BY GERISHOM WAFULA MANASE REG. NO. MBA (DL) 112/10186 (ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE) A Research Project proposal submitted to Mount Kenya University in partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of Masters in Business Administration, Accounting and Finance June 2012 ABSTRACT This study will explore the issue of lack of adequate revenue collection in local authorities Western Province;Read MoreCentralized and decentralized2533 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ Centralization and Decentralization Introduction Considerable debate has taken place over the years over the issue of ‘centralization’ that means that the authority for most decisions is concentrated at the top of the managerial hierarchy versus ‘decentralization’ that requires such authority to be dispersed by extension and delegation throughout all levels of  management. There are advantages as well as disadvantages of both types of structures. A pure form of centralization is not practicalRead MoreAre the government officials good stewards of public funds?2252 Words   |  10 PagesFebruary 26 2011 Are the government officials good stewards of public funds? The parliament should play an active role in ensuring the availability and credibility of fiscal information. There should be clear procedure for budget execution, monitoring, and reporting. The accounting system should provide a reliable basis for tracking revenues, commitments, payments, arrears, liabilities, and assets, writes M S Siddiqui A budget is a governments plan on the use of public resources to meet theRead MoreSchool Based Management: An Implemented Educational Management Theory1761 Words   |  8 Pagesbetter instruction and learning. Education systems are extremely demanding of the managerial, technical, and financial capacity of governments, and, thus, as a service, education is too complex to be efficiently produced and distributed in a centralized fashion. Thus, the government adopts this innovation to decentralize the authority to the school level. Responsibility and decision-making over school operations is transferred to principals, teachers, parents, sometimes students, and other school communityRead MorePolitics For The Development Of Urban Poor3118 Words   |  13 Pagesnatural population growth in the cities is higher than in the rural areas. This scenario, however, rarely occurs. Module 1 of JnNurm suggests the definition of Urban Governance (2011: 11) as: The sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, plan and manage the common affairs of the city. It is a continuing process through which conflicting and diverse interests may be accommodated and cooperative action can be taken. It includes formal institutions as well as informal arrangementsRead MoreAn Overview Of Innovation Support System2528 Words   |  11 Pagesinfluence of theories for fiscal decentralization, regional innovation systems and industrial clusters are becoming more and more popular in various countries across the globe. Top-down devolution of power for policy design and implementation has been accompanied by bottom-up demands and regional mobilization (Perry and May 2007). This phenomenon results in innovation policies that are increasingly recognized as a shared responsibility of national and regional governments. A Brief History of InnovationRead MoreEconomic And Social Status Of China1549 Words   |  7 PagesIntellectual Property Rights. So public had not argued much about buying and selling the pirated and counterfeit goods by individuals. The same applies to the manufacturers. Even though goods are pirated products, people still buy branded counterfeit products with inexpensive price and high quality. This tendency appears particularly strong for low-income people. But now, the government is starting recognize all of their activities violates the IPR. So government forced to close the many factoriesRead MoreDiscuss the Proposition That Local Authorities Are Better Placed to Respond to Crises and Disasters Than Central Government5400 Words   |  22 PagesManagement Essay Title: Discuss the proposition that local authorities are better placed to respond to crises and disasters than central government Introduction Both the local authorities and central government have roles and responsibilities in responding to crises and disaster situations. However, several catastrophic crises and disaster events over the past decades have casted doubts on the effectiveness of central governments in responding to crises and disaster situations. As such, some

Caring in Nursing - 1416 Words

The statement:†In an age where the scientific and the technological are weighed heavily (and often favorably) in human progress, the need to emphasize the humanizing ingredient of compassion . . . is urgent† (Roach 1987, p. 61 You are required to adopt a position on this statement (agree or disagree/take a side) and construct an argument to support your case. Your argument must be supported with evidence from a variety of relevant information sources This assignment asks Bachelor of Nursing students to adopt a position on a statement - an abbreviated quote from Roach (1987), constructing an argument supported by evidence from a variety of relevant information sources. This assignment will review literature pertaining to theoretical†¦show more content†¦Nurses care for their patients, sympathise and empathise with their patients, but they do not suffer with them. For if they did taking this to its logical or illogical conclusion would be that nurses die with their patients. Nurses do however grieve with and for their dying patients. The words ‘nurse’, ‘nurture’, and ‘nourish’ are derived from the same latin root ‘nutrix’ a roman slave woman whose function was to suckle children other than her own; that is a wet nurse. Thus implicitly the word ‘nurse’ evokes a gendered identity. This idea identity was cemented in place by Nightingale (1860) in the first modern attempt to define the role of a nurse: THE following notes . . . are meant simply to give hints for thought to women who have personal charge of the health of others. Every woman . . . has, at one time or another of her life, charge of the personal health of somebody, whether child or invalid,–in other words, every woman is a nurse. . . . It is recognized as the knowledge which every one ought to have–distinct from medical knowledge, which only a profession can have. [Preface] Thus nursing became medicine’s handmaiden; the nurse subservient to the doctor. Nursing was the art of caring, while medicine was the science of healing. This is a dichotomy central to the modern health care industry (Musk, 2004.) - nurses need to be technologically competent while remaining caring. Competence is the second of Roach’sShow MoreRelatedCaring : Caring And Nursing1080 Words   |  5 PagesCaring Reflection Nurses have the reputation of being caring. They run to your bedside when you call and are there to support you through your visit. Ideally, their purpose is to nurse us back to health. Nurses should focus on their ability to care for patients, as it enables a strong professional nurse and patient relationship, but they should also know their limits. Caring and Nursing Definition of Care. When I think of caring, I think of showing concern or compassion for someone. Caring is extremelyRead MoreNursing : Philosophy Of Caring Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy of Caring in Nursing To care is to feel compassion towards someone or something. Are human beings generally good and trustworthy or are they selfish and greedy? If humanity is the latter, than compassion towards others is not for their greater good, but for self-gratitude. It is hard to accept this thought process if you are a nurse or even know one. Compassion means to care and without either of these, nursing would flounder. Nurses seem to have an innate caring disposition aboutRead MoreThe Caring Theory Of Nursing958 Words   |  4 Pages The Caring Theory of Nursing Oluwakemi Ajiboye Kaplan University The writer of this paper believes that caring is the basis for the decisions that nurses make in their daily practice. Health care professionals such as nurses care a lot about their clients or patients. Reflection makes nurses to care for their patients successfully while increasing their empathy for future practice. Nursing is linked to the concept of care â€Å"as nurses provide nursing care in order to help people promote andRead MoreThe Caring Attribute Of Nursing1481 Words   |  6 Pages The Caring Attribute of nursing Introduction Caring is the foundation of nursing. Caring attribute is the essential modules to provide patients with the best care possible. The caring attribute of nursing consist of 6 c’s but this essay will focus on four C’s (compassion, competence, commitment and confident). Compassion is the ability of showing empathy towards patient. Competence is having the knowledge to produce a successful care. Commitment consists of taking a pledge towards patientRead MoreNursing : A Profession Of Caring1050 Words   |  5 Pages Nursing: A Profession of Caring Going through the annals of nursing, one can unmistakably find â€Å"caring as a central concept† (Blais Hayes, 2011, p. 107) to the profession. And if one would think of nursing as a living thing, caring would be the spirit that breathes life into it. My personal philosophy of nursing as a caring profession is constructed around the four metaparadigm concepts of nursing: (1) person or client, (2) environment, (3) health, and (4) nursing. The purpose of this paperRead MoreBenefits Of Caring And Nursing862 Words   |  4 Pagesword caring comes to mind what do you think of? I can imagine there are a million thoughts running through your head. Caring is about helping people beyond what is expected, and willing to help the patient through their difficulties. It is the act of showing kindness, respect and compassion for other people. I believe that caring is the most important aspect in nursing and must be provided well in order for a patient to recover fully. Caring and Nursing There are many meanings to caring, theRead MoreThe Hazards Of Nursing : Caring1793 Words   |  8 Pages The Hazards of Nursing: Caring in an Environment of Chemicals Stephanie M. Hauge Analena M. Valdes, MSN, RN, A-SANE NURS 328: Nursing Role Transition November 16, 2016 The Hazards of Nursing: Caring in an Environment of Chemicals The purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader to the chemical exposure nurses may face throughout their career. Nurses are often referred to as â€Å"angels of mercy†; sadly this comes at a price. Throughout their career nurses are faced with dangers unknownRead MoreConcept Of Caring For The Nursing Profession1150 Words   |  5 Pages Concept of Caring Lindsay Seele Baker University School of Nursing One night at work my boss was telling me about how he was in a horrible accident that kept him in the hospital for three months. He confided in me that it was one of the worst experiences of his life. You may think the negative experience was because of his injuries that he sustained, but sadly it was the nursing care he received. â€Å"They made me feel like I was a burden.† This comment indicates to me that theRead MoreExploring the Importance of Caring in Nursing2770 Words   |  12 PagesFoundations of Health and Social Care Amanda Reddin Word count = 2182 In this essay I am going to show the importance of caring in nursing, and how it promotes high standards of care. Caring can be described in many ways, such as showing empathy, compassion and respect. Most caring theories incorporate all of these qualities. Every patient has complex individual needs and each patient interprets high standards in a different way. As a student nurseRead MoreProfessional Caring And Professional Nursing3506 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Nursing is about gaining and understanding concepts which can be applied in professional nursing practice. These concepts are important in professional caring because they provide tremendous benefits in promoting the quality of health and well-being of the patient. Professional caring has been identified by nursing theorist as the essence of nursing, and as a process of interaction and communication in nursing (Locsin, 1995). Professional caring is depicted through empathy, respect,

Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s Identity Loss Free Essays

Spencer Shelburne British Literature I Novel Paper 12/2/11 Gulliver’s Lost Identity J. R. R. We will write a custom essay sample on Gulliver’s Travels: Gulliver’s Identity Loss or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tolkien once said, â€Å"Not all who wander are lost. † It is to be assumed then that he was not talking about Capt. Lemuel Gulliver. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift is a narrative of the identity crisis. Captain Gulliver is indeed lost, both literally and metaphorically. He sets out on a voyage seeking a way to fulfill his identity as the financial supporter of his family, but once he leaves the structured society of England, his sense of identity is lost. At times, he does not even consider his family back home. He is misplaced in strange countries with strange inhabitants. In his misplacement, an interesting identity-void is created; Gulliver has no way to define himself as a foreigner in a new society. The need to belong overwhelms him, and he accepts any identity that is thrown his way, no matter how degrading it is. Through this void, Swift explores how society and politics systematically function to disassemble and reinvent the individual. In each of the countries Gulliver travels to, he is isolated from a sense of kinship and alienated from acceptance, the degree of which increases with each voyage. This alienation and isolation is surprisingly first apparent in his home country, England. In an unemotional tone he describes his family: â€Å"My Father had a small estate in Nottinghamshire; I was the third of five sons†¦ my father now and then sending me small sums of money†¦ † (p. 1). Likewise, his attachment to his wife is just as dispassionately observed: â€Å"I married Mrs. Mary Burton, second daughter to Mr. Edmond Burton, Hosier, in Newgate-street†¦ † (p. 2). Even in his professional life, Gulliver has no real connection. He comments, â€Å"But my good Master Bates dying in two years after, and I having few friends, my business began to fail; for my conscience would not suffer me to imitate the bad practice of too many among my brethren† (p. 2). Though he tries to connect to society by participating in a respectable profession, he remains alone. This alienation and isolation is a minor theme throughout his voyages; it is the first step in the systematic approach Swift takes towards dealing with the broader theme of identity. In each of the cultures Gulliver encounters, this sense of alone-ness increases. In Lilliput and Brobdingnag, for example, Gulliver is even more marginalized from society by their fear of his physical appearance – he is a giant compared to the six-inch Lilliputians and an insect to the sixty-foot tall Brobdingnags. He is constantly aware of his differences from his hosts, creating a conscious sense of alienation. In the articles of his freedom, the Lilliputians point out: â€Å"they concluded from the similarity of their bodies, that mine must contain at least 1728 of theirs, and consequently would require as much food as was necessary to support that number of Lilliputians† (p. 2). His differences isolate him from the Lilliputian society; he physically does not fit anywhere, viewing their country as a sort of â€Å"theatre† (p. 9). His senses are also different, for he can see much further away than the Lilliputians, and likewise they can see much nearer than he. In Brobdingnag, he has to convince his master that he is not a lowly animal. Th e Brobdingnagian reaction to him highlights their repulsion of his differences: â€Å"The farmer by this time was convinced I must be a rational creature†¦ Then he called his wife, and shewed me to her, but she screamed and ran back as women in England do at the sight of a toad or a spider† (p. 58). Gulliver is different from the native inhabitants of Lilliput and Brobdingnag and is alienated as such. In his voyages to Laputa and Houyhnhnm, Gulliver’s societal isolation drastically increases, until he reaches the apex with the Houyhnhnms. In both countries he is openly condescended for both his physical and his intellectual â€Å"limitations,† and because of this condescension he is isolated from the rest of the society. When he refused the flapper to converse, it â€Å"gave his Majesty and the whole court a very mean pinion of my understanding† (p. 114). The king wants to learn nothing of England’s history, but rather asks Gulliver to focus on European mathematics and â€Å"received the account†¦ with great contempt and indifference† (p. 120). In Laputa, Gulliver and his native society are weaknesses. The isolation in Houyhnhnm is the most acute, however. Gulliver cannot relate to them because they are not human – they are a superior species of horse. Nor can he relate to the repulsive and foul Yahoos who are human in an unrecognizable form. Spatially this isolation is manifested in the placement of his housing: â€Å"the master horse ordered a place for me to lodge in; it was but six yards from the house, and separated from the stable of the Yahoos†¦ † (p. 175). Although Gulliver takes up acquaintance with the Houyhnhnms it is always understood that he is associated with the Yahoos, for whom Gulliver has affected a deep hatred. They teach him the language, yet â€Å"†¦ looked upon it as a prodigy, that a brute animal should discover such marks of a rational creature† (p. 175). Gulliver’s alienation here in the country of horses is vastly complete. Where then does this alienation and isolation leave Gulliver? He is in an identity-void, searching for any form of acceptance. Swift presents this as early as Gulliver’s life in England. He lists his self-worth by his education and professional training, name-dropping as often as possible to give himself affluence: â€Å"He sent me to Emanuel-College in Cambridge†¦ I was bound apprentice to Mr. James Bates, an eminent surgeon in London†¦ Leyden: there I studied Physic two years and seven months†¦ † (p. 1). Through this series of wealthy names, Gulliver is seeking an identity through the acceptance of his audience. Lilliput is much different than England, however, in both its inhabitants and its culture. In this identity-void, Gulliver grasps at any straw of acceptance, no matter how degrading or humiliating. He literally gives himself before the emperor and princes, offering complete servility; he is a servant, eager to please his new masters. Upon later duty against the Lilliputian’s sworn enemy, the Blefuscu, he says, â€Å"This great Prince received at my landing with all possible encomiums, and created me a Nardac upon the spot, which is the highest title of honour among them† (p. 29). He has achieved a place in the Lilliputian society and is elated. In his almost desperate attempt to gain favor with the emperor and princes, he proclaims: â€Å"I desired the secretary to present my humble duty to the Emperor an to let him know, that I thought it would not become me, who was a foreigner, to interfere with parties; but I was ready, with the hazard of my life, to defend his person and state against all invaders† (p. 26). He has learned the language earnestly to build a bridge over his alienation. He has allowed himself to be held captive, knowing full well that due to his sheer strength, he could squash whomever he choses. But only on the Lilliputian’s terms does Gulliver receive acceptance, and as witnessed in the rapid recall of his title and honor, it is short-lived at best. As Gulliver’s journeys progress, the occurrences of even temporary social identity and occasions of acceptance decrease rapidly, an inverse to the increase of his alienation. From Brobdingnag on, Gulliver never fully adapts to their societies, although he does not stop trying to find his adopted identity. In Brobdingnag, he humors the Queen, entertaining her as a doll-like plaything, winning her favor. In an attempt to build his own identity as the Queen’s favorite, he deliberately undermines the Queen’s dwarf, sending him to live with another household as a punishment. In Laputa and Houyhnhnm, Gulliver experiences something altogether different than what he has encountered before. Laputa is a floating island of philosophy and higher thought, a would-be utopia if it were not for excess and the lack of reason. Gulliver makes an attempt to understand the Laputans by learning their language, visiting various places such as their court, universities and land below, but cannot reconcile himself with what he finds; it is too abstract and tedious. He grows increasingly â€Å"weary of those people† (p. 127) and feels â€Å"neglected† (p. 127). For the first time in all his travels, he longs for England. In place of Gulliver’s drive for acceptance, the reader is introduced to Lord Munodi. He is an isolated character, and much like Gulliver he is seeking his identity in a society that does not accept him. In Lord Munodi’s case, it is because he is too rational and looked upon with â€Å"tenderness, as a well-meaning man, but of a low contemptible understanding† (p. 129). Having failed to achieve an enduring identity in these societies, it is not without desperation that Gulliver next throws himself so fully in the pursuit of acceptance from the Houyhnhnms. To physically set himself apart from the Yahoo-humans and be acceptable to the Houyhnhnms, he hides the appearance of his person with his clothes: â€Å"I had hitherto concealed the secret of my dress, in order to distinguish myself as much as possible, from that cursed race of Yahoos; but now I found it in vain to do so any longer† (p. 177). He swears his master to secrecy, so that the rest of the Houyhnhnms will not think less of him. He goes out of his way to impress them with his acquisition of language and would be very content to live the rest of his time with the reasonable creatures. He is successful at creating a life among these whom he has grown to admire and love, and even eventually moves into his Master’s house. But other Houyhnhnms do not approve of a Yahoo staying in their own homes, and Gulliver is banished from Houyhnhnm. His alienation had overcome his acceptance dramatically. Where does this leave Gulliver? From his isolation to desperate attempts for acceptance comes a loss of basic human identity. In England, Gulliver does not have any emotional attachment to his family as befitting a man of the middle class. He is an emotionless person concerned more with financial and social status than with leaving his wife, five months pregnant, and the children he barely knows so he can travel again; he shows more emotion towards the Houyhnhnms than he does with his family. In his drive to succeed in English society, he has ceased being an emotional creature of humanity. In Lilliput, Gulliver’s loss of a human identity is much more literal when he allows himself to be chained up as a prisoner. The image of him with chains around him, and his observation that â€Å"being fixed within four inches of the gate, allowed me to creep in, and lie at my full length in the temple† (p. 9) brings to mind a dog in the doghouse. He allows the Lilliputians to strip him of his English identity by renaming him Man Mountain, and he further distances himself from England when he learns their language in an attempt to bridge his alienation. In his desperation for acceptance, he allows himself to become a tool of the state and takes on the Lilliputian sworn enemy Blefuscu. In Brobdingnag, Gulliver likewise lowers himself so far as to stop being a human being, but rather a play thing for their amusement. He is again stripped of his English identity by being dressed in Brobdingnagian styled attire and renamed Gildrig. He gets so immersed in the Brobdingnag culture that he has a very difficult time going back to his native culture in England, and therefore he treats his family as if they were Lilliputians. In Houyhnhnm the reader sees the most drastic change in Gulliver’s identity as a human as he becomes a loner. It is here that he loses all sense of his former humanity. He is sickened by the idea of going to live among the Yahoos, and he has so fully adopted the Houyhnhnm society that he cannot help but see his family as ugly, beastlike creatures. In the end, he is forced to return to the world from which he came. Having seen the things he has, the world of Yahoos is disgusting to him. When rescued by Don Pedro De Mendez, Gulliver’s complete submersion in Houyhnhnm culture is at once apparent in his accent and his clothing. Once home, he is barely able to tolerate the presence of his family. He then goes into a kind of madness, spending his days talking to the horses in his stable as if to recreate Houyhnhnm. It is when he is alienated from social acceptance that his identity starts weakening. Gulliver doesn’t just try to gain a new identity, one is forced upon him; he is a monster: a repulsive Yahoo in Houyhnhnm, a doll named Gildrig in Brobdingnag, and of course a Man Mountain tool in Lilliput. Eventually, he latches on to any acceptance he can find, even if it means losing his basic identity as a human. Work Cited: Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver’s Travels. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964. How to cite Gulliver’s Travels: Gulliver’s Identity Loss, Papers

Ramanujan free essay sample

In 1917 he was hospitalized, his doctors fearing for his life. By late 1918 his health had improved; he returned to India in 1919. But his health failed again, and he died the next year. O Five years old – primary school O Jan 1898 – town high school in Kumbakonam O 1904 – he got scholarship O 1906 – he entered in to Pachaiyappa’s college O 14th July 1909 – he married ten year old girl S. Janaki Ammal O 1911 – His first paper published, 17 page works on Bernoulli numbers journal of the Indian Mathematical Society. O Ramanujan was appointed to the post of clerk and began his duties on 1stMarch 1912. O 1914 – he went England O 1916 – Cambridge university granted him a bachelor of science degree O 1919 – he returned India Contributions  · Ramanujam made substantial contributions to the analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic functions, continued fractions and infinite 1900 he began to work on his own on mathematics summing geometric and arithmetic series.  · He worked on divergent series. He sent 120 theorems on imply divisibility properties of the partition function.  · He gave a meaning to eulerian second integral for all values of n (negative, positive and fractional). He proved that the integral of xn-1 e-7 = ? s true for all values of gamma. thiyagusurimathematicians. blogspot. in/2012/07/module-4-srinivasa-ramanujan-1887-ad. html (gamma) 1/3 5/27/13 MATHEMATICIANS CONTRIBUTIONS: MODULE 4 SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN (1887 AD 1920 AD)  ·  ·  ·  ·  · Goldbach’s conjecture: Goldbach’s conjecture is one of the important illustrations of ramanujan contribution towards the proof of the conjecture. The statement is every even integer greater that two is the sum of two primes, that is, 6=3+3 : Ramanujan and his associates had shown that every large integer could be written as the sum of at most four (Example: 43=2+5+17+19). Partition of whole numbers: Partition of whole numbers is another similar problem that captured ramanujan attention. Subsequently ramanujan developed a formula for the partition of any number, which can be made to yield the required result by a series of successive approximation. Example 3=3+0=1+2=1+1+1; Numbers: Ramanujan studied the highly composite numbers also which are recognized as the opposite of prime numbers. He studies their structure, distribution and special forms. Fermat Theorem: He also did considerable work on the unresolved Fermat theorem, which states that a prime number of the form 4m+1 is the sum of two squares. Ramanujan number: 1729 is a famous ramanujan number. It is the smaller number which can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in two different ways- 1729 = 13 + 123 = 93 + 103 Cubic Equations and Quadratic Equation: Ramanujam was shown how to solve cubic equations in 1902 and he went on to find his own method to solve the quadratic. The following year, not knowing that the quintic could not be solved by radicals, he tried (and of course failed) to solve the quintic. Euler’s constant : By 1904 Ramanujam had began to undertake deep research. He investigated the series (1/n) and calculated Euler’s constant to 15 decimal places. Hypo geometric series: He worked hypo geometric series, and investigated relations between integrals and series. He was to discover later that he had been studying elliptic functions. Ramanujan’s own works on partial sums and products of hyper-geometric series have led to major development in the topic. Journal of the Indian mathematical society: Ramanujan continued to develop his mathematical ideas and began to pose problems and solve problems in the journal of the Indian mathematical society. He developed relations between elliptic modular equations in 1990. Bernoulli numbers: He published a brilliant research paper on Bernoulli numbers in 1911 in the journal of the Indian mathematical society and gained recognition for his work. Despite his lack of a university education, he was becoming well known in the madras area as a mathematical genius. He began to study the Bernoulli numbers, although this was entirely his own independent discovery. Ramanujan worked out the Riemann series, the elliptic integrals hyper geometric series and functions equations of the zeta functions on the other hand he had only a vague idea of what constitutes a mathematical proof. Despite many brilliant results, some of his theorems on prime numbers were completely wrong. Ramanujan independently discovered results of gauss, Kummar and others 2/3  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  · thiyagusurimathematicians. blogspot. in/2012/07/module-4-srinivasa-ramanujan-1887-ad. html 5/27/13 MATHEMATICIANS CONTRIBUTIONS: MODULE 4 SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN (1887 AD 1920 AD)  ·  · on hyper-geometric series. Perhaps has most famous work was on the number p(n) for small numbers n, and ramaujan used this numerical data to conjecture some remarkable properties some of which he proved using elliptic functions. thers were only proved after Ramanujan’s death. In a joint paper with hardly, ramanujan gave an asymptotic formulas for p(n). It had the remarkable property that it appeared to give the correct value of p(n), and this was later proved by Rademacher. Ramanujan discovered a number of remarkable identities that imply divisibility properties of the partition function. He a lso produced quite a number of results in definite integrals in the form of general formulate. Besides his published work, ramanujan left behind several notebooks filled with theorems that mathematicians have continued to study. The English Mathematician G. N Watson, from 1918 to 1951, published 14 papers under the general title theorems stated by Ramanujan and in all he published nearly 30 papers which were inspired by ramanjan work. In 1997 ramanujan journal was launched to publish work in areas mathematics influenced by Ramanujan†. thiyagusurimathematicians. blogspot. in/2012/07/module-4-srinivasa-ramanujan-1887-ad. html 3/3